Colorado water essay

Geography

Colorado River

Geographers can tell you that the something that most waterways and their

adjacent flood flatlands in the world have in common is that they have got rich

reputations associated with human being settlement and development. This kind of

especially true in arid parts which are incredibly dependent upon drinking water. Two

exceptional examples are definitely the Nile plus the Tigris-Euphrates rivers which

present use the romance between streams and concentrations of people.

However , the Colorado River is not really such a good example along many

segments of its study course. There is no continuous transportation program

that parallels the streams course, and settlements happen to be clustered. The

rugged surfaces and entrenched river stations are the main reasons for

rare human arrangement. We question ourselves, performed the Colorado River support

or hinder settlement inside the Western United states of america?

As settlers began to push westward, the Southwest was considered

as a place to prevent. Few regarded it a spot to traverse, to spread

Christianity, and a possible method to obtain furs or perhaps mineral wealth. Finding a

dependable or available water origin, and hardwood for building was

difficult to find. There was too little of land which can be irrigated

easily.

By the turn of the century, most present working day cities and towns

had been already established. Trails, highways, and railroads linked a number of

areas with neighboring parts. Although the Co River draining

system was still being not built-in. In the middle 1900s many dams have been

built to control and utilize water. A fresh phase of development happened

at the end in the second World War. There were a large focus on

recreation, tourism, and environmental preservation.

The terrain from the Colorado River is very exceptional. It involves

Wet Higher Slopes, Infrequent Transition Plains and Hills, Deep

Canyonlands, and the Dry out Lower Flatlands.

Rainy Upper Ski slopes: Consist of many streams that feed in to the

Colorado Lake from stream cut canyons, small toned floored miles often

occupied by alpine lakes and adjacent high walled mountain peaks. These kinds of

areas will be heavily forested and consist of swiftly moving streams, rapids

and waterfalls. These areas have very little commercial value except while

watershed, wildlife habitat, forest land, and destinations for hikers

anglers, and climber.

Irregular Change Plains and Hills: These areas happen to be favorable

pertaining to traditional financial development. This consists of water valleys with

adequate flat land to back up farms and ranches. As a result of rolling

hills, low plateaus, and mountain slopes, livestock grazing is usual.

The largest cities from the whole draining system are found here.

Profound Canyonlands: Certainly the most amazing and least

developed location along the Colorado River. These deep jugulaire are mostly

covered by lateral layers of sedimentary stones, of which yellow sand stone is usually

the most numerous. The Grand Canyon would not only screen spectacular

magnificence, but many other features such as mesas, buttes, spires

balancing rocks, natural rebattu and connections, sand crête, massive

sandstone walls, and pottholed coves.

Dry Decrease Plains: These consist of the arid wasteland areas. These kinds of

areas come across hot summers and gentle winters. Early settlement was

limited mainly because most of the property next towards the river has not been well suited

pertaining to irrigation culture. The area can be characterized by limited flat

property, poor soil, poor drainage, and also hot of conditions for most

traditional crops.

The Co River was initially navigated simply by John Wesley Powell

in the 1869 search through the Marbled and Grand Canyons. The

Colorado Lake begins rich in the Co Rocky Mountains. The water

commences from shedding snow and rain, and is then supplemented by the

Gunnison, Green, San Juan, Little Co, Virgin, and Gila Streams.

Before any atteinte were built, the The state of colorado River taken 380, 000 million

tons of silt for the Sea of Cortez. Along its way, it carves out the

Marbled, Grand, Dark-colored, Boulder, and Topok Valleys. The Grand Canyon getting

the most popular, which can be visited by simply numerous tourists every year, takes on

a large part in traditional western tourism. The Grand Canyon is in fact one of many

Worlds Eight Wonders. The Colorado Container covers 240, 000 sq . miles of

drainage region. At specific points along the river, this turns into a

raging, muddy, rapid protected mass of water. Unlike other waterways, the

Co River will not meet the ocean in a grand way, but instead in a

small trickle. Almost all of the water that passes throughout the river is usually

spoken pertaining to. It moves through several Western Says, travels 1, 700 miles

and descends more than 16, 000 feet before emptying into the marine, with

more silt and salinity than any riv in America. A river not applied

for trade, or any amount of navigation other than recreational, and

virtually dismissed until the turn of the 100 years.

The Co River is the most fought over, litigated, and

legislated river in the United States. The top Colorado moves through

mountainous, less booming country. They have seen fewer problems that the

lower The state of colorado. The lower The state of colorado, which passes through valleys and

arid desert, acts a more booming area. It is a large source of

arguments intended for the state of California and surrounding areas since the

early on 1900s.

The first job on the Colorado River was your Alamo Lake

Project close to Yuma, Arizona. Sediment in the upper riv was

carried and placed down river. It increased the water bed hence the

river was higher than the nearby land, making water easy to divert

pertaining to irrigation. The Alamo Channel diverted drinking water from the Co River

to the Alamo Riv, and moved 60 mls through Mexico across the

Mexicali desert to the Salton Kitchen sink, a depression in the Real Valley.

For this, South america received the right to take 50 percent the water from the

canal, the others went to the Imperial Valley. Although it may well have looked

like an convenient way to divert water, the Alamo Canal was not a match for

the untamed Colorado Lake. In 1905 a series of floods breached the

intake and flooded the Imperial Area, settling in the Salton Ocean.

Following tremendous levels of manpower and money, the river was returned to

its unique path.

This disaster alarmed the landowners of the valley. The

Soberano Irrigation Section of El monte was the greatest

single end user of Co River water. They campaigned for a great All-American

Apretado. One that will divert the river above the Mexican boundary and

keep the Mexicali desert using what they couldnt use. This is met with

much level of resistance from the greatest landowner inside the Mexican wilderness, a

ligue of prosperous Los Angeles business people, headed simply by Harry Chandler of

the Los Angeles Moments.

The Soberano Valley landowners received support from the Associated with

Los Angeles. The location was developing rapidly as well as the need for foreseeable future

electric power was a major concern. Water authorities advocated a dam for the

Colorado. Devoid of this atteinte, the All-American Canal would be in danger of

breaking and water damage. The two makes combined to work for a Dam in

Boulder Encolure on the Colorado River.

In Salt Pond City in January 1919, representatives through the seven

states that have tributaries emptying into the Colorado Lake met. The

water should first end up being captured and used although it is small, for then it

can be recaptured as it returns from the performance of the duties and

thus be used over and over again. (1)

On Nov. 24, 1922, the seven states signed the Co River

Small. This pact divided the waters in to 2 pot areas, segregated at

Lees Ferry, at the head of the Grand Canyon. The top states included

Colorado, New Mexico, Utah and Wy. The Lower states included

Arizona, California and Nevada. Each area received 7. your five million desagradable

feet of water, with the lower basin getting an additional 1 mil acre foot

annually from its tributaries. The allocation of river drinking water was centered

on an total annual flow in Lees Ferry of 18. 5 million acre feet. This was

afterwards found to get inaccurate and did not consider the rivers dried

years. A more accurate circulation is 13. 5 million acre toes per year. In

addition, any water given to South america by worldwide treaty will be

supplied first from the excess above the total of 16 million acre feet

and if this was not adequate, the insufficiency would be shared equally by simply

the two basins. The consensus was that the river and its particular tributaries

had been American (244, 000 sq miles) beginning in the United States, incredibly

little of the Colorado River was in Mexico (2, 500 sq . miles), and

consequently they earned very little. Herbert Hoover mentioned, We do not

believe that they (Mexicans) ever had any kind of rights. The Indian tribes along

the river were treated the same way. Hoover put what was referred to as the

Crazy Indian Content, nothing from this compact should be construed since

affecting the obligations of the United States of America to Indian

tribes. (2) Its evident that the indigenous Mexicans and Indians had been

being starving of what originally hailed from them. The attitude of

Herbert Haier left the area peoples using a taste of resentment.

The Colorado Water Pact would not apportion drinking water to person

states. Illinois would not validate the pact, feeling that California was

taking all the water provided to the lower container. Arizona offered 3

major rivers, regarding 2 to 3 mil acre feet, to the The state of colorado.

Cal farmers could be the largest solitary users from the water, yet

would lead nothing. A bunch of states finally decided to some credits.

All the seas of the Gila River in Arizona would go to Arizona ( az ), and be

exempted from the Philippine Treaty. A bunch of states also consented to apportion

zero. 3 million acre foot of water to The state of nevada, 4. four million corrosivo feet and 1/2

from the surplus to California, 2 . 8 million acre toes to Arizona and the

various other 1/2 of the surplus. Az was still not satisfied. The discussion

went on for many years, with Congress finally completing the Boulder Canyon Action

in 1928 without Arizonas ratification.

The Boulder Encolure Act of 1928 certified the construction of a

hydro-electric herb at Dark Canyon. The fee to be off-set by the

providing of electric power over a total of 50 years. All electric power privileges

at the dam were to be controlled by private fascination. The City

Water Section controlled 36%, City of LA 19%, Illinois 18%, and Nevada

18%. The take action also included the construction of the All-American Canal

starting at Laguna Dam and crossing 75 miles of Imperial Valley to the

Salton Sea.

Arizonas share with the water managed to get possible for significant

population improves in Phoenix and Tucson, two wilderness regions that might

not be able to are present with out the Colorado Riv. Population improves

in Phoenix az and Tucson were employing much of the states water. Arizona ( az )

wanted even more water through the Colorado Riv, they continuing to fight

California for this. In 1930 Arizona recorded what was to be many law suits

against the Point out of California for more normal water rights. That wasnt till

Arizona was granted electrical power from Haier Dam, and given promises for

the Central Illinois Project, that Arizona ratified the 1922 Colorado

Lake Compact, twenty-two years later. Nevada, normally the one state that has no major

lake, was mainly unpopulated at the moment and remained unconcerned

about the water portion.

During this time, The Federal Bureau of Reclamation built Davis

Dam, 66 miles under Hoover Dam to further control flows and offer

storage. Parker Dam, below Davis was built in 1934 to facilitate the 242

mile extended Colorado River Aqueduct. This was another of Metropolitan

Drinking water Districts tasks to transport water to Oregon. With Whirlpool

and Parker, California could receive five. 6 mil acre ft from the

Colorado River.

South america saw the share of the river drinking water drying up together with the

control of this particular at Whirlpool Dam. In 1944 the us, wanting

to stay a good relationship with her neighbor, authorized an agreement

with Mexico giving them 1 . 5 million acerbo feet each year, with nothing at all said

regarding the quality of the. Mexico drinking water, due to go back irrigation

drinking water from United States fields and evaporation was increasingly saline.

Extra water to flush the salts was tried, but the condition

worsened. By 1955, the Mexicali Valley was a leading silk cotton producing

region. By 60, growing salinity of lake water hurt the cotton crop

along with the decline in cotton prices. Mexico plus the United States

argued over the top quality of water, and as a result of administrations Great

Neighbor Policy, the United States acquiesced, and in 1973 signed a

water contract with South america. United States decreased salt by simply releasing

more water upstream, the quality of drinking water arriving at Morelos Dam was going to

be equal in quality to water behind Imperial Dam. The silt was to be

removed by the giant desilting works for Imperial Dam, and then the water

was delivered to the water above Morelos Dam in the Imperial Irrigation

District Preliminary Knob electricity drop.

This kind of policy guaranteed Mexico that salinity levels would be only

115 parts per , 000, 000. It also obligated the United States to assume all

costs required to meet the salinity levels. Consequently, the Usa

States agreed to upstream salt control tasks in Nevada, Utah, and

Colorado, and a 260 Million dollar desalination plant in Yuma, Illinois.

The desalination flower reclaims a lot more than 70 million gallons of drainage

drinking water a day in the Welton-Mohawk irrigation project. 60 miles coming from

the Philippine border is Laguna Salada, the end with the Colorado Lake. An

unlined canal holds the water 40 miles and after that empties this onto the

flat plain of crushed stone and silt where the Ocean of Cortez washes the past drops

in the gulf. The Mexican water irrigates soil for 14, 000 farmers and

products drinking water to get the Mexicali Valley. A 76 mile aqueduct

gives water for Tijuana, Mexico.

It was not until 1964 that Arizona ( az ) finally acquired their talk about of the

normal water with the passage of the Central Arizona Project. The Central

Arizona Project was the culmination of years of litigation. 3 of the. 5

most important project pumping systems water via Lake Havasu, 824 foot up and also

the Buckskin Mountains by using a 7 mile tunnel along a concrete aqueduct

333 miles for the cities of Phoenix and Tucson. The Central Arizona

Project was built by Bureau of Reclamation and finished in 1991.

In 1963 in Illinois vs . Cal, the Supreme Court given

900, 500 acre foot of Colorado River normal water to 5 Of india tribes along the

river, and 79, 000 acre foot for national lands. This provides you with them

satisfactory water to meet needs of reservation. Just lately the people have

reasoned that farmville farm lands were omitted from your original calculate and that

they need more drinking water rights. In the event tribes get more normal water, this could

suggest less water for the low basin. Opposing team argue that the Navajo

Tribe bargained aside some rights for other developments, like the huge

fossil fuel burning engine power on Lake Powell. The Federal Government authorities

outlook is definitely, why give the tribes even more water? That they gave away their

legal rights, and the Government does not have the cash for drinking water

irrigation assignments that would profit so few people. There is another

side to the Indian concern, first on time, first in right. therefore

that the Indians were there 1st, before the regulations, so therefore the

Indians have got first right to the water. This will put a completely

different slant on circulation of Colorado River normal water, but many people

feel that this problem would be tied up in lawsuits for years, and

because of the great things about so few, the Indians would likely lose.

Citizens teams have become more vocal in the management from the

lower The state of colorado River Basin. The water water has historically received

to agricultural uses. Recently, urban sprawl has infringed on the

culture, 80% in the Colorado river water remains used for crops, but

scarcity and high-priced water is limiting the agriculture. The Imperial

Pit Irrigation section wastes about 15% of its normal water. Conservation

has led to the lining of canals with cement. This had caused

charges which it prevents seepage from completing ground drinking water aquifers.

Water experts fear that depleting local water items will clear

underground reservoirs, so they desire more drinking water from the Co.

Maintaining stream movement of tributaries is necessary to get preserving

home and underground aquifers.

Infrared satellite photographs which grab plant growth as red, show the

area of the Colorado Delta in Mexico, the Mexicali, and San Louis Area

as desolate, with few pale crimson patches, but the area of the canals in

the Imperial Area show attractive red.

The growing human population explosion inside the southwest possess given the

municipalities a loud tone in the guard more normal water, but almost all of the

laws continue to favor agriculture. Agriculture produces economic positive aspects

government subsidies and establishments. The Clean Water Act sets liquid

standards pertaining to water caused by point options (pipes and ditches), yet

agricultural go back flow can be exempt. In 1980, your Arizona exceeded

the most strict water supervision program. This kind of law attempts

farmers by using Central Arizona ( az ) Project (CAP) water to increase

production of heavy normal water user vegetation such as cotton, rice and citrus, by

having growers cut back on earth water make use of equal to their particular use of CAP

water. The farmers can also sell their water rights to designers and

neighborhood water systems.

The City of Tucson is perhaps one of the most water conscience city in America.

They may have mandatory conservation, all the game of golf courses and city parks use

gotten back water, or perhaps water which was recycled. They will ban outdoor

fountains and utilize low flow toilets and baths. The city features cut

their water consumption 25% seeing that 1974. Regretfully, most of the western has not

applied water conservation. The the latest six year drought in Southern

Cal, when many of the cities were required to conserve water, and

some even got water patrols to report people pertaining to wasting water, forced

visitors to conserve drinking water or deal with stiff fines. For years California

had took out water from your upper pot and utilized Arizona and New

Mexicos unused portion of lower container water. Water supply of the

lower Co Rive Container had, for the first time, used up its entire

share of riv water. This kind of meant severe conservation of water. By 1990

after heavy rains in Arizona, California was again using other states

normal water. People went back to their older habits of wasting precious water.

Many people felt that because conservationists are always crying and moping about

normal water shortages, they may have cried wolf too often, they don to believe

there is a water scarcity, that it is only an excuse for raising water

rates. About April you, 1994, Cal State normal water officials stated that

California can be again within a drought. A large number of people is going to ignore this in view

of recent large rains. People have to understand the fact that water is only

transported to Southern California. If there is no snow or rain in

The state of colorado (or the Sierras in Californias case) it can lead to water

disadvantages.

A menace of drinking water allocation can be described as threat into a person or a communities method

of lifestyle. New progress actually motivates more normal water consumption. Fresh

houses mean more dish washers, washing machines and back garden pools. This kind of

is certainly not the way to deal with water. A conscientious hard work must be manufactured by

government, and residents to share the water evenly and save water

evenly.

In 1980 legislature certified the copy of drinking water rights, or perhaps water

marketing. Some people believed this would lead to an open market, the

cost of the water would indicate the cost of developing and distributing

the water. The greatest bidder would receive the normal water. In theory, the

more the costs, the greater people will conserve. Nevertheless agriculture can be

heavily subsidized and therefore rates can fluctuate. Commercial and

residential users would be be subject to high drinking water rates, while using wealthy

to be able to afford the majority of the water. This is certainly an unfair and unjust

system. An advertising system that is certainly fair and responsible, one that

mandates conservation, should be enacted. Water should be dispersed

evenly. The 1922 compact, while good in the time, is definitely antiquated simply by

todays specifications and usage. The national politics of the Colorado River Pot

is just a fabric of promise, sustained at several times

under different conditions and often for different purposes. (3)

The Colorado Lake could later on be increased by various other water. A lot of

have advised connecting the Columbia River to the The state of colorado by way of

sends, siphons and canals. These plans are very costly and unless normal water

becomes hard to find, this is not a real possibility. Some Cal coastal urban centers

have made programs for alternate water much more shortage. Water water

desalination plants happen to be in the planning stages or perhaps under structure.

This process of water augmentation is usually very costly.

Drinking water is a interpersonal good, a public trust, should areas be able to

decide independently about water work with? The seven states of the Colorado

Water Basin ought to follow the guidance of Secretary of the Home Bruce

Clown and type a commission payment, along with representatives from the Federal

Federal government with type from the Colorado River American indian Tribes, to manage

manage, control, enforce and educate the public and private sectors

about the Colorado River Water. A lot of agencies, way too many private

normal water companies every add to the misunderstandings of the normal water rights from the

Colorado River. Water financial institutions need to be set up. Lake Mead is designated

as a water bank intended for storage in the event all parties agree to this, but with the

great regulations relating to Colorado Riv water, there will most

likely be a long and drawn out fight over this kind of idea. The particular fear of

no normal water or a severe drought appears to move passage on regulations regarding the

normal water.

People arrive to the Co River to try out and enjoy the. Six

countrywide parks and recreation areas along the Colorados shores support a

multi-million dollar entertainment industry of boating, hiking, doing some fishing and

white water rafting. (4). Recreation has turned into a huge area of the

Colorado Water System. It has brought high in volume cries from your

conservationists. 20 years ago the Illinois stretch of the Colorado River was

called the most endangered river of 1991 by American Rivers, a

preservation group. Lots of the fish and wildlife have disappeared.

Special areas have been specified as creatures protection areas. The

Endangered Species Work protects the river and is enacted

on their own of the Clean Water Take action. Federal Fish and Video game, state

methods and preservation groups have the ability to worked to help make the public

mindful of this problem. The us Fish and Wildlife designated

the Co River north of Parker Dam to Needles as being a critical habitat.

This was done to protect the squawfish, the razorback sucker, the

humpback, and bonytail chubs. Sportsmen fear this could severely

handicap recreation in Lake Havasu by limiting boating.

You will discover other areas that have suffered from modifying the Co

River. When the Alamo River Project was implemented, the natural river

bed was raised to a higher level than the encircling land. In 1900

George Chaffey made a decision to run a channel through Mexico using the Colorados

old channel to the drain in Washington dc. The channel turned north into the

United States east of Mexicali. From there the funnel, now known as the

Alamo Water, led practically straight north. Chaffey known as the the southern area of half

the Imperial Valley. In may of 1901, Colorado River drinking water began to run

into this channel. Within a few years the area had seven hundred miles of irrigation

abandons. Settlers piled in, homesteading federal property or buying it

downright from the railroad. To obtain irrigation drinking water they had to obtain

stock in water businesses controlled by the Soberano Land Firm, a the front

for Chaffey and Rockwoods California Producing Company. Simply by 1904 presently there

were 75, 000 acres under irrigation. Then silt blocked in the head of

the channel. Water delivery to farmers was basically cut off. Inside the fall

of 1904, The California Advancement Company made a slice in the riv to

circumvent the obstruction. During the springtime floods of 1905, the Colorado

entirely out of control, hurried through the slice and increased on to the

Alamo River, the old flood channel, in that case plunged in into the New

River. Looking into the soft soil, that created a 28 foot substantial waterfall

checking out the rivers channel towards the width of your quarter mile. It

purged into what is today known as the Salton Marine.

The Salton is a strange looking ocean which was 45 miles lengthy, 17 kilometers

wide approximately 80 ft deep. Following engineers received the Co under

control it should include dried up through evaporation. The ocean has no

outlets and only gets about 2 . 3 inches wide of rain per year. The sea has

recently been sustained simply by drainwater through the 500, 1000 acres of heavily hydrated

and fertilized growing areas of the Soberano Valley, one of the most

fruitful desert irrigation tasks in history. Farming waste water

carries several nutrients, which includes nitrates, and also pesticides

possibly toxic amount element selenium, and four million tons

of salt leached from the ground every year. The Salton Marine is now a lost

metropolis. In the late 1954s, it was likely to become the Fantastic States

modern playland, an alluring combination of the wasteland and marine. M.

Penn Phillips and other builders of Salton City bought 19, 600 acres

that they can subdivided in writing for house lots, shops, schools, theme parks and

churches. They spent $1 million on a fresh water syndication system

with 260 miles of water lines. Installed in power lines and 250 miles of

beatifully paved pavements. They constructed a private yacht club and a $350, 000 18-hole

golf course. A large time gambler Ray Ryan with well-known mob connections

bought arrive at the other side from the sea and sank more than $2 , 000, 000

into a holiday resort he known as the North Shore Beach and Boat Club.

Unpredicted rains kept raising the level of the sea and flooding coastline

homes and buildings. A steadily growing concern occur about the waters

brownish tinge approximately pollution levels and elevating salt content.

North Shore Beach and Boat Club is deserted today, its breakwater

crumbling for the ground, its pool filled with stank spoiled water. Through the

water tourists northbound on Route 86 to Salton City find not sailboats

and bikini-clad blondes in water skis, or hanches full of pleasure boats

although instead a scattering of houses, RV parks, run down hotels and clear

lots along grassy overgrown streets.

The Alamo Water and the New River the two feed in the Salton Marine. Both

movement north via Mexico receiving drainwater in the process. The New River

is considered the many polluted river in the United States. It passes

through Mexicali, Mexico, a city of more than 750, 1000 people that dumps

in uncooked sewage, badly treated sewerage, leachate by landfills, and

industrial and slaughter house wastes, as well as trash, bathroom paper

deceased dogs and phosphate detergents.

The sea was for years one of the greatest doing some fishing spots in California

and has long been certainly one of Americas wonderful birding places. Birders go to

its shores, record their sightings on clipboards maintained for

ornithological sites. At least 380 species have been reported, a number

surpassed in United states only by Texas seacoast in spring.

Recently there are increasing signs of trouble. Early on in 1992

biologist Costs Radke of the U. S i9000. Fish and Wildlife Assistance saw a quantity

of eared grebes stagger up on shore and perish. Many were so disoriented

that they stood still when gulls tore into their drag and commenced eating

them on the spot. This kind of continued and the final loss of life toll rose, by

conservative estimates, to 150, 500 grebes. Radke helped acquire 40, 1000

carcasses. Necropsies ruled out infectious disease since the cause of

death, but the cells of a number of the dead chickens contained 3 times

more selenium than that of grebes analyzed at the Salton Sea three years

earlier. It is obvious the fact that Alamo River Project has received quite a

disastrous effect on the California sink. We must as well view the good

that it has been doing, no matter how infected the Salton Sea can be today. Inside the

early 1900s, this job was responsible for irrigating above 100, 000

acres, today that number has ended 500, 1000 acres of land. Additionally it is a

large bird haven where more than 380 species have been noted.

To answer problem, Did the Colorado River help or hinder negotiation

in the European United States? It is obvious that much of the Traditional western

U. S. is very dependent upon fresh water out of this great lake. The

majority of the water that may be supplied to the Los Angeles Container area is usually

tapped from the Colorado River. Major cities and metropolitan areas in Arizona ( az ) such

as Phoenix, Tempe, Scottsdale, and Tucson happen to be largely dependent upon the

Colorado for drinking water. The entire Southwest, in general, relies on the

Colorado River due to the major supply of water. Without the Colorado, that

would not be possible to obtain so many pay outs in this beautiful and

exclusive part of the universe.

WORKS CITED

(1)Marc Reisner, Cadillac Wasteland, The American West as well as its

Disappearing Normal water, Viking Penguin, In., Ny, 1986. s. 319

(2)Gary D. Weatherford., F. Lee Brown, New Courses pertaining to the

The state of colorado River, University of New Mexico Press, Father christmas Fe., 1986. p. 18

(3)New Courses intended for the The state of colorado River. p. 188

(4)Paul Gray, Glen Canyon Atteinte, Time, July 22, 1991., p. twenty-two

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Company, Jim, The Colorado, A River Used up Dry, Nationwide Geographic

Summer 1991., s. 4.

Doerner, William L., Big Splash in the Dry West, Time, November 23

1985, g. 43.

Fradkin, Philip T., A River No More, College or university of Illinois Press

Tucson, 1984.

Gray, Paul, Glen Canyon Dam, Time, July twenty two, 1991., s. 22.

Hundley, N

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